An Evaluation of Entrance and Surface Doses for some Common Diagnostic X-ray Examinations in two Nigerian University Teaching Hospitals
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: The aims of this study were to estimate Entrance Surface Dose (ESDs) to patients undergoing selected diagnostic X-ray examinations in two Nigerian university teaching hospitals, to obtain the maximum to minimum ratio of ESDs for the same projections, and to compare the ESD obtained with established international reference doses.
Methods: The exposure parameters such as the tube potential (kVp), the tube current (mAs), focus-to-film distance (FFD) and the thickness of the area irradiated were obtained for each patient undergoing the specified diagnostic procedure and the entrance surface doses were estimated.
Results: Hospital mean ESD estimates ranged from 0.099 to 0.3mGy for chest PA; 0.4 mGy for chest LAT; 1.1 2.9mGy for pelvis/hip AP; 0.9 2-8mGy for skull AP/PA; 0.4-1.7mGy for skull LAT; 1.7-1.8 mGy for Abdomen AP; 1.7-4.1 mGy for lumbar spine AP; 3.95.8mGy for lumbar spine LAT; 0.1-0.3mGy for Extremities AP and 0.1--0.3 mGy for Extremities LAT.
Conclusions: In the two hospitals, mean ESDS were found to be within the established international reference doses.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
How to Cite
References
1. UNSCEAR, Sources and Effects of ionizing radiation (New York United Nations) 1993
2. National Council on Radiation Protection and measurements: NCRP, lonizing radiation exposure of the Population of the United States, NCRP Report no 93 (National Council on radiation protection and measurements, Bethseda, Maryland USA (1987).
3. UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of lonizing radiation, UNSCEAR report to the General assembly with scientific Annexes Vol 1. Sources Annex d. Medical radiation exposure Untied Nations, New York (2000).
4. Calzado A, Vano E, Moran P, Castellote C. Ruiz S, Ganzalez L, Estimation of doses to patients from complex conventional X-ray Examinations Br J Radiol 1991, 64:539-46.
5. Hart D, Jones D.G. Wall BF: Normalized organ doses for medical X-ray examinations calculated using Monte Carlo techniques, 1994 NRPB SR 262 London: HMSO.
6. Parry C.K., Chu R.Y.L, Eston B.G, Chen C.Y Measurement of skin entrance exposure with a Dose Area Product meter at chest Radiography Radiology 1996; 201, 574-5.
7. IAEA, International Atomic agency: International basic safetystandards for Protection Against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources, 1994; Safety series no 115-1 Vienna.
8, Commission of the European Community (CEC): Working Document on Quality Criteria for Diagnostic Radiographic Images, CEC XII/173/90 (June 1990)
9. National Radiological Protection Board. NRPB: National protocol for patient dose measurements in diagnostic radiology dosimentry. Report of a Working Party of the Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine Chilton (1992).
10. Yakoumakis E, Nikolaon D, Nazos 1, Koulentianos E, Proukakis C.H (): Differences in effective dose estimation from dose area product and entrance surface dose measurements in intravenous urography Br. J. Radiol, 2001; 74, 727-734.
11. Shrimpton P.C.Wall B.F., Jones D.G., Fisher ES, Hillier M.C. et. al.: A national survey of dose to patients undergoing a selection of routine x-ray examinations in English hospitals, 1986, NRPB-R 200. London. HMSO.
12. National Radiological Protection Board. NRPB: Patient dose reduction in Diagnostic radiology. Documents of the NRPB 1990; Vol.1-3.
13. Gaetano Compagnone, Laura Pagan and Carlo Bergamini Local Diagnostic Reference Levels in standard X-ray examinations. Journal of Radiation Protection Dosimetry 2004; 113(1) 54-63.
14. Faulkner K, Broadhead D.A., Harrison R.M.: Patient dosimetry measurement methods, Applied Radiation and Isotopes 1996; 50, 113-123,
15. Hart D, Hillier M.C. Wall B.F. Shrimpton P.C. and Hungay D,: Doses to Patient from Medical X-ray examinations in the UK 1995 review, NRPB Report 289, Chilton:
16. Council of Radiation Control Program Directors Center for Devices and Radiological: Health CRCPD/CDRH: Average patient exposure dose guides CRCP101992, Pub 92-4 Frankfurt.
17. National Radiological Protection Board. NRPB: Doses to Patients from Medical X-ray examinations in the UK: 2000 review, Chilton, NRPB W14 (2002).